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      RPC系列七之Thrift TProtocol源码分析
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        <h2 id="u7B80_u4ECB"><a href="#u7B80_u4ECB" class="headerlink" title="简介"></a>简介</h2><p>　　服务端与客户端通信，进行交换数据，这样就涉及到了消息的序列化和反序列化问题。thrift为我们提供了非常高效和强大的序列化接口，主要序列化接口如下：<br>　　1. TSimpleJSONProtocol：与其他框架，如fastjson、fasterxml等框架序列化的结果一致<br>　　2. TJSONProtocol：使用JSON的数据编码协议进行数据传输<br>　　3. TBinaryProtocol：自定义的二进制协议<br>　　4. TCompactProtocol：紧凑型二进制协议<br>　　5. TTupleProtocol：元组的序列化方式<br>　　6. TMultiplexedProtocol：用于一个服务支持多个service<br>　　下面我将逐一介绍各个协议的系列化结果，由简到难，最后重点介绍TTupleProtocol。首先我们看看最简单的TSimpleJSONProtocol协议。</p>
<h2 id="TSimpleJSONProtocol"><a href="#TSimpleJSONProtocol" class="headerlink" title="TSimpleJSONProtocol"></a>TSimpleJSONProtocol</h2><p>　　下面的单元测试代码将TSimpleJSONProtocol序列化的结果输出到一个文件中<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">private</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">serializeUser</span><span class="params">(TProtocol protocol)</span> <span class="keyword">throws</span> TException </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    User user = <span class="keyword">new</span> User();</span><br><span class="line">    user.setType(<span class="number">1</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    user.setName(<span class="string">"张三"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    user.write(protocol);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="annotation">@Test</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">simpleJsonTest</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">try</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        OutputStream os = <span class="keyword">new</span> FileOutputStream(<span class="string">"serialize\\simplejson.data"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">        serializeUser(<span class="keyword">new</span> TSimpleJSONProtocol(<span class="keyword">new</span> TIOStreamTransport(os)));</span><br><span class="line">    &#125; <span class="keyword">catch</span> (Exception e) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        e.printStackTrace();</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>　　文件中的内容为：<strong>{“type”:1,”name”:”张三”}</strong>，可以看到，它与常用的fastjson等框架序列化结果一致。下面我们再看看TJSONProtocol的序列化结果</p>
<h2 id="TJSONProtocol"><a href="#TJSONProtocol" class="headerlink" title="TJSONProtocol"></a>TJSONProtocol</h2><p>　　TJSONProtocol的构造方法中，第二个参数用于指定序列化时是否将字段名序列化，两者的序列化结果可以通过如下测试代码区别：<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="annotation">@Test</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">jsonTest</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">try</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        OutputStream os = <span class="keyword">new</span> FileOutputStream(<span class="string">"serialize\\json.data"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">        serializeUser(<span class="keyword">new</span> TJSONProtocol(<span class="keyword">new</span> TIOStreamTransport(os)));</span><br><span class="line">    &#125; <span class="keyword">catch</span> (Exception e) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        e.printStackTrace();</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="annotation">@Test</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">jsonNameTest</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">try</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        OutputStream os = <span class="keyword">new</span> FileOutputStream(<span class="string">"serialize\\jsonName.data"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">        serializeUser(<span class="keyword">new</span> TJSONProtocol(<span class="keyword">new</span> TIOStreamTransport(os), <span class="keyword">true</span>));</span><br><span class="line">    &#125; <span class="keyword">catch</span> (Exception e) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        e.printStackTrace();</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>　　测试方法jsonTest和jsonNameTest的输出结果分别为：<br>{“1”:{“i32”:1},”2”:{“str”:”张三”}}<br>{“type”:{“i32”:1},”name”:{“str”:”张三”}}<br>　　两者的不同之处在属性字段的表示方法，一个是属性字段对应的id号，另一个则是属性字段的名称。</p>
<h2 id="TTupleProtocol"><a href="#TTupleProtocol" class="headerlink" title="TTupleProtocol"></a>TTupleProtocol</h2><p>　　我们先普及一下tuple的概念，用java的朋友可能对这个概念比较陌生，但是在python等脚本语言中就已经内置了对它的支持。<br>　　其实元组和列表list一样，都可能用于数据存储，包含多个数据；但是和列表不同的是：列表只能存储相同的数据类型，而元组不一样，它可以存储不同的数据类型，比如同时存储int、string、list等，并且可以根据需求无限扩展。<br>　　首先我们调整一下User的模型，修改后如下：<br><figure class="highlight thrift"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="title">User</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="number">1</span>: <span class="keyword">required</span> <span class="built_in">i32</span> type</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="number">2</span>: <span class="keyword">optional</span> <span class="built_in">string</span> name</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="number">3</span>: <span class="keyword">optional</span> <span class="built_in">string</span> sex</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="number">4</span>: <span class="keyword">optional</span> <span class="built_in">string</span> school</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>　　我们运行下面两个测试方法，看看输出的结果：<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="annotation">@Test</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">tupleTest</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">try</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        OutputStream os = <span class="keyword">new</span> FileOutputStream(<span class="string">"serialize\\tuple.data"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">        TTupleProtocol protocol = <span class="keyword">new</span> TTupleProtocol(<span class="keyword">new</span> TIOStreamTransport(os));</span><br><span class="line">        User user = <span class="keyword">new</span> User();</span><br><span class="line">        user.setType(<span class="number">1</span>);</span><br><span class="line">        user.setName(<span class="string">"张三"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">        user.write(protocol);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125; <span class="keyword">catch</span> (Exception e) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        e.printStackTrace();</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="annotation">@Test</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">tupleTest2</span><span class="params">()</span> </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">try</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        OutputStream os = <span class="keyword">new</span> FileOutputStream(<span class="string">"serialize\\tuple2.data"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">        TTupleProtocol protocol = <span class="keyword">new</span> TTupleProtocol(<span class="keyword">new</span> TIOStreamTransport(os));</span><br><span class="line">        User user = <span class="keyword">new</span> User();</span><br><span class="line">        user.setType(<span class="number">1</span>);</span><br><span class="line">        user.setName(<span class="string">"张三"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">        user.setSchool(<span class="string">"实验小学"</span>);</span><br><span class="line">        user.write(protocol);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125; <span class="keyword">catch</span> (Exception e) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        e.printStackTrace();</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>　　两个测试方法唯一的区别在于第二个方法多了一行代码：user.setSchool(“实验小学”);，下图为输出结果。可以看到，TTupleProtocol的序列话方式是按照User中属性的id顺序，逐个输出属性值，下图中的“乱码”产生原因，后面我们会进入源码再解释！<br><img src="/images/thrift-protocol-tuple.jpg" alt="thrift-protocol-tuple.jpg"><br>　　调用User的write方法后，程序最终会执行到其内部类UserTupleScheme的write方法，核心代码如下。注意代码中的注释是根据tupleTest方法的执行注释的。<br><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">private</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">UserTupleScheme</span> <span class="keyword">extends</span> <span class="title">TupleScheme</span>&lt;<span class="title">User</span>&gt; </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="annotation">@Override</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">write</span><span class="params">(org.apache.thrift.protocol.TProtocol prot, User struct)</span> <span class="keyword">throws</span> org.apache.thrift.TException </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    TTupleProtocol oprot = (TTupleProtocol) prot;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">//struct.type取值为1</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">//int应暂用4个字节，实际只占用1个字节</span></span><br><span class="line">    oprot.writeI32(struct.type);</span><br><span class="line">    BitSet optionals = <span class="keyword">new</span> BitSet();</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> (struct.isSetName()) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">      optionals.set(<span class="number">0</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> (struct.isSetSex()) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">      optionals.set(<span class="number">1</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> (struct.isSetSchool()) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">      optionals.set(<span class="number">2</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">//占用1个字节</span></span><br><span class="line">    oprot.writeBitSet(optionals, <span class="number">3</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> (struct.isSetName()) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">      <span class="comment">//占用7个字节，第一个字节为name值的长度，后六个为name的值</span></span><br><span class="line">      <span class="comment">//一个汉字在utf-8中占用3个字节，这里有两个汉字</span></span><br><span class="line">      oprot.writeString(struct.name);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> (struct.isSetSex()) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">      oprot.writeString(struct.sex);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> (struct.isSetSchool()) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">      oprot.writeString(struct.school);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="annotation">@Override</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">read</span><span class="params">(org.apache.thrift.protocol.TProtocol prot, User struct)</span> <span class="keyword">throws</span> org.apache.thrift.TException </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    TTupleProtocol iprot = (TTupleProtocol) prot;</span><br><span class="line">    struct.type = iprot.readI32();</span><br><span class="line">    struct.setTypeIsSet(<span class="keyword">true</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    BitSet incoming = iprot.readBitSet(<span class="number">3</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> (incoming.get(<span class="number">0</span>)) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">      struct.name = iprot.readString();</span><br><span class="line">      struct.setNameIsSet(<span class="keyword">true</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> (incoming.get(<span class="number">1</span>)) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">      struct.sex = iprot.readString();</span><br><span class="line">      struct.setSexIsSet(<span class="keyword">true</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> (incoming.get(<span class="number">2</span>)) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">      struct.school = iprot.readString();</span><br><span class="line">      struct.setSchoolIsSet(<span class="keyword">true</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>　　我们直接进入文件系统，可以看到tuple.data文件占用9个字节，而上面的注释中字节总数和恰好为9个，基本可以说明注释正确。上面的代码中写入了BitSet的值，貌似没有用处。<br>　　实际上它在UserTupleScheme的read方法中用到了，其主要作用为：<strong>反序列化时确定某个optional类型的属性是否有值</strong>。最后我们通过下面一个表格描述一下tupleTest方法生成的文件的内容的格式，其中第二行为文件的内容。注意type属性为required类型，必然存在值，其状态无需保存在bitset中，序列化是最先处理。</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>type值</th>
<th>bitset值</th>
<th>name值长度</th>
<th>name值</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>2(varint表示)</td>
<td>1(字节)</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>张三</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1个字节</td>
<td>1个字节</td>
<td>1个字节</td>
<td>6个字节</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 id="u603B_u7ED3"><a href="#u603B_u7ED3" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h2><p>　　到这里本章就暂时结束了，至于TBinaryProtocol和TCompactProtocol等协议，请大家自行分析，这里便不再做介绍了。最后我们对各个协议的序列化大小做个基本的排序。后面三个的大小顺序还需要看实际的数据情况，但是基本上可以确定TTupleProtocol最小，TCompactProtocol其次。<br>　　TTupleProtocol &lt; TCompactProtocol &lt; TSimpleJSONProtocol &lt; TBinaryProtocol &lt; TJSONProtocol</p>
<h2 id="u53C2_u8003_u8D44_u6599"><a href="#u53C2_u8003_u8D44_u6599" class="headerlink" title="参考资料"></a>参考资料</h2><p><a href="http://blog.csdn.net/whycold/article/details/8535932" target="_blank" rel="external">http://blog.csdn.net/whycold/article/details/8535932</a><br><a href="http://blog.csdn.net/azhao_dn/article/details/8898610" target="_blank" rel="external">http://blog.csdn.net/azhao_dn/article/details/8898610</a><br><a href="http://blog.csdn.net/azhao_dn/article/details/8899486" target="_blank" rel="external">http://blog.csdn.net/azhao_dn/article/details/8899486</a></p>

      
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